References

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1. Nishimura, Rick A., et al. "2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines." Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 63.22 (2014): e57-e185

2. Fang JC, O'Gara PT. History and physical examination: an evidence-based approach. In: Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF, Braunwald E, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 10.

3. HAMZA CHERIF, L., Debbal, S. M., & Bereksi-Reguig, F. (2008). Segmentation of heart sounds and heart murmurs. Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, 8(04), 549-559

4. Perez GL, Jacob M, Bhat PK, Rao DB, Luisada AA. Incidence of murmurs in the aging heart. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1976 Jan;24(1):29-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1976.tb03250.x. PMID: 1244386. Griffiths RA, Sheldon MG. The clinical significance of systolic murmurs in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1975 May;4(2):99-104. doi: 10.1093/ageing/4.2.99. PMID: 1146671.

5. Alliance for Aging Research Team. “Not a Part of Normal Aging”. Updated January 26, 2010. https://www.agingresearch.org/not-a-part-of-normal-aging.

6. Nikomo VT, Gardin JM, Skelton TN et al. Burden of valvular heart diseases: a population–based study. Lancet 2006;368:1005–11

7. https://www.healthline.com/health/echocardiogram

8. Sasse, A. Echo Appropriateness Guidelines - Cardiac Society. https://cardiacsociety.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/Echo-Appropriateness-Guidelines-NZ.pdf

9. Nkomo, V. T., Gardin, J. M., Skelton, T. N., Gottdiener, J. S., Scott, C. G., & Enriquez-Sarano, M. (2006). Burden of valvular heart diseases: a population-based study. The Lancet, 368(9540), 1005-1011